SQL Server 2008 supports user-defined functions and built-in, system, functions.
Scalar Functions
User-defined scalar functions return a single data value of the type defined in the RETURNS clause. For an inline scalar function, there is no function body; the scalar value is the result of a single statement. For a multistatement scalar function, the function body, defined in a BEGIN...END block, contains a series of Transact-SQL statements that return the single value. The return type can be any data type except text, ntext, image, cursor, and timestamp.
The following examples creates a multistatement scalar function. The function takes one input value, a ProductID, and returns a single data value, the aggregated quantity of the specified product in inventory.
USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'dbo.ufnGetInventoryStock', N'FN') IS NOT NULL
DROP FUNCTION ufnGetInventoryStock;
GO
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.ufnGetInventoryStock(@ProductID int)
RETURNS int
AS
-- Returns the stock level for the product.
BEGIN
DECLARE @ret int;
SELECT @ret = SUM(p.Quantity)
FROM Production.ProductInventory p
WHERE p.ProductID = @ProductID
AND p.LocationID = '6';
IF (@ret IS NULL)
SET @ret = 0;
RETURN @ret;
END;
GO
The following example uses the ufnGetInventoryStock function to return the current inventory quantity for products that have a ProductModelID between 75 and 80.
USE AdventureWorks2008R2; GO SELECT ProductModelID, Name, dbo.ufnGetInventoryStock(ProductID)AS CurrentSupply FROM Production.Product WHERE ProductModelID BETWEEN 75 and 80; GO
Table-Valued Functions
User-defined table-valued functions return a table data type. For an inline table-valued function, there is no function body; the table is the result set of a single SELECT statement.
The following example creates an inline table-valued function. The function takes one input parameter, a customer (store) ID, and returns the columns ProductID, Name, and the aggregate of year-to-date sales as YTD Total for each product sold to the store.
USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'Sales.ufn_SalesByStore', N'IF') IS NOT NULL
DROP FUNCTION Sales.ufn_SalesByStore;
GO
CREATE FUNCTION Sales.ufn_SalesByStore (@storeid int)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
SELECT P.ProductID, P.Name, SUM(SD.LineTotal) AS 'Total'
FROM Production.Product AS P
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderDetail AS SD ON SD.ProductID = P.ProductID
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader AS SH ON SH.SalesOrderID = SD.SalesOrderID
JOIN Sales.Customer AS C ON SH.CustomerID = C.CustomerID
WHERE C.StoreID = @storeid
GROUP BY P.ProductID, P.Name
);
GO
The following example invokes the function and specifies customer ID 602.
SELECT * FROM Sales.ufn_SalesByStore (602);
For a multistatement table-valued function, the function body, defined in a BEGIN...END block, contains a series of Transact-SQL statements that build and insert rows into the table that will be returned.
The following example creates a table-valued function. The function takes a single input parameter, an EmployeeID and returns a list of all the employees who report to the specified employee directly or indirectly. The function is then invoked specifying employee ID 109.
USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID (N'dbo.ufn_FindReports', N'TF') IS NOT NULL
DROP FUNCTION dbo.ufn_FindReports;
GO
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.ufn_FindReports (@InEmpID INTEGER)
RETURNS @retFindReports TABLE
(
EmployeeID int primary key NOT NULL,
FirstName nvarchar(255) NOT NULL,
LastName nvarchar(255) NOT NULL,
JobTitle nvarchar(50) NOT NULL,
RecursionLevel int NOT NULL
)
--Returns a result set that lists all the employees who report to the
--specific employee directly or indirectly.*/
AS
BEGIN
WITH EMP_cte(EmployeeID, OrganizationNode, FirstName, LastName, JobTitle, RecursionLevel) -- CTE name and columns
AS (
SELECT e.BusinessEntityID, e.OrganizationNode, p.FirstName, p.LastName, e.JobTitle, 0 -- Get the initial list of Employees for Manager n
FROM HumanResources.Employee e
INNER JOIN Person.Person p
ON p.BusinessEntityID = e.BusinessEntityID
WHERE e.BusinessEntityID = @InEmpID
UNION ALL
SELECT e.BusinessEntityID, e.OrganizationNode, p.FirstName, p.LastName, e.JobTitle, RecursionLevel + 1 -- Join recursive member to anchor
FROM HumanResources.Employee e
INNER JOIN EMP_cte
ON e.OrganizationNode.GetAncestor(1) = EMP_cte.OrganizationNode
INNER JOIN Person.Person p
ON p.BusinessEntityID = e.BusinessEntityID
)
-- copy the required columns to the result of the function
INSERT @retFindReports
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, JobTitle, RecursionLevel
FROM EMP_cte
RETURN
END;
GO
-- Example invocation
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, JobTitle, RecursionLevel
FROM dbo.ufn_FindReports(1);
GO
Built-in Functions
Built-in functions are provided by SQL Server to help you perform a variety of operations. They cannot be modified. You can use built-in functions in Transact-SQL statements to:
- Access information from SQL Server system tables without accessing the system tables directly. For more information, see Using System Functions.
- Perform common tasks such as SUM, GETDATE, or IDENTITY. For more information, see Built-in Functions (Transact-SQL).
Built-in functions return either scalar or table data types. For example, @@ERROR returns 0 if the last Transact-SQL statement executed successfully. If the statement generated an error, @@ERROR returns the error number. And the function SUM(parameter) returns the sum of all the values for the parameter.
